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Avian Bornavirus: A Comprehensive Overview

Introduction

Avian bornavirus (ABV) is a recently discovered virus that has been identified as the cause of proventricular dilatation disease (PDD) in birds. PDD is a fatal neurological disease that affects the nervous system and can lead to death within a few weeks of onset.

ABV is a negative single-strand RNA virus that is closely related to the mammalian bornavirus. It is found in over 80 avian species worldwide, including all major groups of birds.

Taxonomy

ABV is classified as a member of the order Mononegavirales, family Bornaviridae, and genus Bornavirus. It is closely related to the mammalian bornavirus, which causes a similar disease in horses and sheep.

Pathogenesis

ABV primarily infects the nervous system, causing inflammation and damage to the brain and spinal cord. The virus can also infect other organs, such as the heart, liver, and kidneys.

The pathogenesis of ABV infection is not fully understood, but it is believed that the virus damages the nervous system by attacking the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve cells. This damage disrupts the transmission of nerve signals and can lead to a variety of neurological symptoms, including tremors, seizures, and paralysis.

Clinical Signs

The clinical signs of ABV infection can vary depending on the species of bird and the severity of the infection. Some of the most common clinical signs include:

• Neurological signs, such as tremors, seizures, and paralysis
• Gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss
• Respiratory signs, such as coughing and sneezing

Diagnosis

ABV infection can be diagnosed by a variety of methods, including:

• PCR testing
• Serology
• Histopathology

Treatment

There is no specific treatment for ABV infection, but supportive care can help to manage the symptoms of the disease. Treatment may include:

• Anti-inflammatory drugs
• Anticonvulsants
• Supportive care, such as fluids and nutrition

Prevention

There is no vaccine available to prevent ABV infection. However, there are a number of things that can be done to reduce the risk of infection, including:

• Practicing good hygiene
• Avoiding contact with infected birds
• Quarantining new birds